Best Solar Companies of 2024

We compared 24 companies and chose the top solar energy companies

    • SunPower
      4.1(2,230)
    • Blue Raven Solar
      4.7(175)
    • Freedom Solar Power
      4.4(196)

    Find a Solar Energy partner near you.

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      Our research team compared 31 solar companies and chose our top 6 picks based on ratings and reviews, equipment options, warranties and other factors in our full methodology. Our picks may be Authorized Partners who compensate us — this doesn’t affect our recommendations or evaluations but may impact the order in which companies are listed.

      We’ve talked to more than 100,000 verified solar customers since 2018. A couple of things we know for sure: People like powering their homes with a reliable source of cheap, clean energy. People don’t like getting into solar contracts that don’t meet their expectations.

      Our top solar company picks

      1. SunPower
      2. Blue Raven Solar
      3. Freedom Solar Power
      4. Sunlux
      5. Sunrun
      6. ShopSolar
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      Compare the best solar energy companies

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      All information accurate as of time of publication.

      The 6 best solar companies reviewed

      Want savings but don’t know much about solar? SunPower figures it all out for you. Already know what you need for a DIY project? Start with ShopSolar. Sunlux, Blue Raven, Freedom Solar Power and Sunrun are all worth considering for residential installations — we suggest comparing a few quotes to see who has the best deal in your area.

      SunPower

      Buyer's Choice Award Winner
      Max. panel efficiency
      22.8%
      Warranty
      25 years
      Year founded
      1985
      Availability
      Nationwide
      2x Award Winner
      Selected for having one of the highest satisfaction rates for Best Customer Service and Best for Installation

      SunPower uses high-efficiency solar panels and has a strong reputation from an equipment standpoint. Its manufacturing company, Maxeon, makes one of our favorite black roof panels. They are reliably efficient and durable, built on a solid copper foundation.

      We like that SunPower takes care of almost everything: evaluating your electricity needs, customizing a solar panel system, figuring out financing, helping with permits and coordinating the installation team.

      After installation, SunPower’s monitoring and maintenance services help maximize your solar system’s efficiency and, if necessary, can diagnose any issues. There’s also solar battery servicing and energy auditing to help you see how your power usage changes over time.

      SunPower benefits

      • Available nationwide
      • 38 years in business
      • Comprehensive 25-year warranty
      • Good monitoring app
      • Battery storage options
      • Ongoing support

      SunPower’s “Complete Confidence Warranty” covers all components — including the panels, inverter, racking and monitoring — plus performance for 25 years. The company repairs or replaces equipment at no cost to you (including labor and shipping). It also covers rust damage for seaside installations.

      Financing options

      • Loan: Qualified customers can get reasonable rates with no money down. All financing approvals and processing are handled through the mySunPower portal.
      • Lease: You pay a monthly fee to use solar panels that SunPower owns. SunPower reimburses you if your solar system doesn’t perform as guaranteed, and the agreement can be transferred to a new buyer if you sell your home.

      SunPower might not be the best fit if you’re on a tight budget or a tight deadline. Some customers have experienced issues with installation delays.

      • Expensive: Quality solar equipment comes at a premium price. On the higher end, we’ve talked to customers who spent $100,000 or more on a system. On the bright side, SunPower offers financing and leasing options with $0 down in some cases.
      • Huge company: If direct, in-person communication is important to you, consider working with a smaller operation or hiring locally.

      Happy SunPower customers often tell us about a seamless installation process and significant savings on energy bills.

      One customer, Darren in New Jersey, thought the rep’s estimate “sounded too good to be true” at first. “We were wrong! The numbers were true and the install was perfect. The entire process was as promised and now (5 months in) my electricity bills are a fraction of what they used to be,” Darren told us.

      Edward in Colorado said his SunPower solar panel system generates “an annual surplus of power that the local utility company pays me for at the end of each year. The panels and included inverters have worked flawlessly since they were installed. I especially like that my electricity costs are now fixed as I expect utility costs to increase significantly in the future.”

      Douglas in Connecticut is a first-time homeowner who wanted to save on electricity costs. “I did a good amount of research, met with other companies and ended up with SunPower panels,” he said. “Their industry-leading warranty lets me keep peace of mind, and industry-leading efficiency lets me know I have the best product.”

      Blue Raven Solar

      Buyer's Choice Award Winner
      Max. panel efficiency
      Varies
      Warranty
      25 years
      Year founded
      2014
      Availability
      Some states
      1x Award Winner
      Selected for having one of the highest satisfaction rates for Best for Installation

      Blue Raven Solar specializes in installing solar panels with a low-profile racking system. Installers typically run the conduit on the interior of the house, which gives your home a sleek, modern look. It also has an affordable financing option that combines aspects of a solar lease (or PPA) with solar panel ownership.

      Installers use various monocrystalline, black-on-black, tier-1 solar panels and Enphase microinverters. As for storage batteries, it offers lithium-ion phosphate (LFP) batteries from Enphase, FranklinWH, Tesla and SunPower.

      Blue Raven benefits

      • Quality solar equipment
      • No upfront cost options
      • 25-year product warranty
      • 25-year productivity guarantee
      • Flexible payment options

      Installations come with a standard 25-year warranty on solar panels and a 10-year workmanship warranty. Storage battery warranties vary by manufacturer. Blue Raven offers the FranklinWH aPower Battery (12-year warranty), SunPower SunVault (10-year warranty), the Enphase IQ5P Battery (15-year warranty) and the Tesla Powerwall 2 (10-year warranty).

      Financing options

      • BluePower Plus+: This financing product combines the aspects of a solar lease (or PPA) with the flexibility of solar panel ownership. Eligible customers can pay $0 upfront, get 18 months of free solar power and make fixed monthly payments after that. You own the system and are responsible for maintenance.
      • SmartStart: With this loan option, you get a low promotional rate for the first 18 months. Then, Blue Raven subsidizes the difference between your introductory rate and regular payments for the next 42 months, so you pay the same predictable amount each month for five years.

      Blue Raven doesn’t have as wide a range of brand partners as some of our other picks. It also has relatively few locations.

      • Somewhat limited availability: Blue Raven is available in parts of the Pacific Northwest, Midwest and Eastern Seaboard.
      • Ongoing customer support: Most customers tell us about positive experiences with the sales and installation process, but some had problems getting help when they encountered issues with their solar energy system afterward.

      We hear a lot of positive feedback about value. “They gave us top-rated materials, good price, (an) honest timeline that was fair and quality installation. The site supervisor was experienced and expected quality work,” Terry in Illinois said.

      Other reviewers highlight Blue Raven Solar’s efficient installations and helpful customer service. “Blue Raven has been 5-star all the way since we had our first meet! They are punctual, informative, patient, and experienced,” Jim in Colorado said.

      Marsi in Washington put it more simply: “Best crew ever. Very fast. Very clean. Not much noise.” Another customer, Helen in Missouri, liked that the staff was “courteous,” “friendly” and “respectful of our property. They were on time and everything went smoothly from beginning to completion of installation.”

      “They handled everything from start to finish. Great quality work and very professional,” Dan in Oregon told us. “Installation only took one day, and they cleaned up afterward perfectly. I highly recommend them if you want to save money on energy costs, as it's only going to go up.”

      Buyer's Choice Award Winner
      Max. panel efficiency
      22.8%
      Warranty
      25 years
      Year founded
      2007
      Availability
      Florida, Texas, Colorado, North Carolina and Virginia
      2x Award Winner
      Selected for having one of the highest satisfaction rates for Best Customer Service and Best for Installation

      Freedom Solar Power specializes in residential and commercial solar panel installation, including battery backup systems and ground-mounted solar energy systems. Ground-mounted solar panels are a good option if you don’t have a south-facing roof or want to avoid having panels on top of your house. .

      The company stands out for its professional installation and customer service. It offers energy monitoring and ongoing support for repairs, maintenance and upgrades.

      We also like that Freedom Solar’s app is helpful for keeping track of your energy production in real time. On average, customers spend $138 per month when they finance an 8-kilowatt (kW) residential system.

      Freedom Solar Power benefits

      • Transferable warranty
      • SunPower Master Dealer
      • NABCEP-certified team
      • Support for repairs, maintenance and upgrades
      • Ongoing energy monitoring 
      • Roofing services available
      • 15+ years of experience

      Freedom Solar Power’s 25-year warranty covers the product, performance and workmanship. If any issues come up, the company replaces equipment on behalf of the manufacturer. The company has Tesla Powerwall and SunPower SunVault backup power systems, which both come with 10-year warranties.

      Financing: Most customers finance their solar system through a loan. Interest rates start at 0%, and there are $0 down payment options. Freedom Solar does not have a leasing option.

      Freedom Solar Power generally receives positive reviews from customers. However, we have heard some complaints about installation delays and confusion about costs. (These are common themes in many solar companies’ reviews.) A couple more considerations:

      • Limited availability: Freedom Solar is currently only available in Texas, Colorado, Florida, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina.
      • Third-party financing: Freedom Solar works with solar loan companies to help customers get financing. If in-house financing is important to you, some of our other picks are better options.

      Happy Freedom Solar Power customers tell us about smart sales reps and smooth installations. One customer, Phillip in Texas, told us he talked to seven different solar companies, and the Freedom Solar representaive seemed the most knowledgeable.

      “Freedom Solar Power should keep doing what they're doing,”  another customer, Hugh in Texas, told us. “Their reps were excellent. And the installation was seamless.” Hugh also likes that “Freedom Solar monitors my solar for me, and they tell me if there are any problems.”

      “I couldn't have been more pleased with how Freedom Solar Power performed, both from a company standpoint, as well as from an installation in the solar panel function,” Keith in Texas said.

      Others highlight the app — “they have a really good product with a really good app that you can easily follow,” according to Cory in Texas. Some, like Ian in Texas, are just happy that their “utility bill went down a lot” since having the system.

      Our pick for equipment options

      Sunlux

      Max. panel efficiency
      19.7%
      Warranty
      25 years
      Year founded
      2012
      Availability
      California and Texas

      Some solar companies use their own proprietary equipment (like Tesla), but Sunlux stands out for its high-quality brand partners. It offers Panasonic and Qcells for solar panels; Tesla Powerwall, Enphase AC Battery and LG Chem RESU for batteries; and SolarEdge inverters and Enphase microinverters.

      We also like that Sunlux can take care of any necessary roof repairs or replacements before installing your system (for an additional charge).

      Sunlux benefits

      • 25-year warranty on components
      • 10-plus years in business
      • Great equipment options
      • Helpful sales reps
      • Lifetime customer support
      • Smart home and EV charging solutions
      • Flexible financing options

      Sunlux has two tiers of warranty options. The standard warranty covers installation, parts and maintenance for 25 years. With Platinum Protection, Sunlux also covers labor for repairs and guarantees the amount of energy your system generates.

      Financing options

      • Loan: Sunlux offers unsecured loans through third-party solar loan partners. You own the system and are responsible for any maintenance or repairs.
      • Lease: There’s no upfront cost but a locked-in rate that you pay over 25 years. Sunlux owns the system and takes care of all maintenance.
      • Prepay lease: With this option, you pay for your home's energy before you use it. When your balance reaches zero, you can either recharge or add more funds to the account.

      A few customers we talked to were annoyed by supply chain delays (a common theme in many solar company reviews). A couple more things to keep in mind:

      • Limited availability: Sunlux is currently only available in parts of California and Texas.
      • Not the cheapest: Multiple customers said that Sunlux estimates were more expensive than others. “But I saw there were a lot of little things that they did,” David in California said, “so I ended up going with them, and my experience was good.”

      Happy customers appreciate Sunlux’s helpful reps and straightforward process.

      “I spoke to other companies. They were somewhat pushy,” Daniel in California told us. “But with Sunlux, it was nothing like that. I asked for a quote. They gave me a quote and left me alone.” Daniel said the roof leak prevention process was another selling point.

      Similarly, Bill in California told us, “I've been in sales long enough to know when somebody's telling me a lie and somebody's not telling me the whole truth. But Sunlux's integrity was what I wanted. Communication is everything to me and they've been very communicative.”

      Solar reps have gotten a bad reputation for focusing too much on “the sale,” so it’s nice to hear positive feedback about Sunlux’s marketing tactics.

      Another verified customer, Keone in California, liked that “there was less dealing with middlemen, and I felt more comfortable. Everything was great during the signup, and Edison came out and did their thing, which was all good.”

      Our pick for solar leases

      Sunrun

      Max. panel efficiency
      22%
      Warranty
      25 years
      Year founded
      2007
      Availability
      Some states

      Sunrun’s leasing program is for homeowners who want solar panels without the expensive upfront investment.

      The lease agreement gives Sunrun permission to install solar panels on your house. You don’t have to pay for the equipment, installation, permitting or financing. Sunrun owns the system, and you pay Sunrun a fixed monthly fee. Sunrun leases typically last 25 years.

      We also like that Sunrun uses a cool automated site modeling tool to customize systems based on your roof characteristics like shading, pitch and sun exposure, energy usage history and design preferences.

      Sunrun benefits

      • Flexible payment options
      • Custom solar designs
      • Comprehensive warranty coverage
      • Daily system monitoring
      • Solar storage battery options
      • EV charging solutions
      • 15-plus years of experience

      Leased systems typically come with free maintenance and repairs. For homeowners who purchase their systems, Sunrun’s comprehensive warranty covers the system’s performance for 25 years. Workmanship and equipment are covered for 10 years.

      Financing options

      • Lease: You can lease solar equipment for a minimal upfront payment.
      • Loan: As of publishing, the company's available discounts include $0 down for some financing and loan plans. You’re responsible for all maintenance and repairs.

      Leasing is cheaper upfront, but those monthly payments add up over time, sometimes coming to more than the system is worth. You’re also disqualified from some of the best financial incentives, like the 30% federal solar investment tax credit (ITC), and it can make it harder to sell your house. A couple more considerations:

      • Not the best app: Some reviewers tell us that the app could be better. “But the benefits (of) saving money and the look of the solar panels outweigh the app,” according to Alex in Barrington.
      • Unexpected fees: Sunrun doesn’t have the most transparent pricing structure. For instance, Lisha in Colorado was surprised there’s a $7.50 per month fee for not having autopay; David in Arizona said Sunrun sent a vague invoice with a $2,500 charge for "engineering."

      Happy Sunrun customers like saving on electric bills. Dale in Orlando told us, “My electric bill has only been between $35 and $40 all summer long with the solar. So I'm happy with it because I'd be paying a lot more for electricity right now without it, even with the lease payment I'm making to Sunrun.”

      Another customer, Pamela in New Jersey, had thought about going solar for years before finding Sunrun’s leasing program. “You put out nothing upfront. It's been a win-win for us,” she said. “Our bills are $5 or $6 a month, and there have been months where we had credits, so we had no bills.”

      “Best investment I’ve ever made,” Ronald in Massachusetts said. “I’ve driven a Chevy Bolt EV since 2019, charging from my roof solar, essentially costing me nothing and saving two tons of CO2 by not using fossil fuel."

      ShopSolar

      Buyer's Choice Award Winner
      Max. panel efficiency
      Varies
      Warranty
      Varies
      Year founded
      2018
      Availability
      Nationwide
      1x Award Winner
      Selected for having one of the highest satisfaction rates for Best Customer Service

      ShopSolar is best for DIYers who want off-grid or hybrid energy systems and for homes, RVs and outbuildings. You can buy new and used solar panels, solar storage batteries, inverters, charge controllers, cabling and hardware, mounts and racks — everything you need for an off-grid or hybrid setup.

      The online company stocks brands like REC, Renogy, Panasonic, Canadian Solar and EcoFlow and also sells custom solar kits. ShopSolar ships throughout the continental United States. Orders typically arrive within five to 10 business days.

      ShopSolar benefits

      • Complete solar packages
      • Free shipping
      • Lifetime customer support
      • Price match guarantee
      • 30-day return policy

      ShopSolar equipment is covered by individual manufacturers’ warranties. You get the full manufacturer warranty since the company is an authorized distributor of all the brands it sells. If you run into a warranty issue, ShopSolar reps can help you get in touch with your equipment manufacturer.

      Payment options

      • Financing: ShopSolar partners with Affirm to offer financing. You can make payments every two weeks or once a month for up to 36 months. Rates range from 0% to 36% APR.
      • Online payments: ShopSolar accepts Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover, Diners Club International, PayPal, Apple Pay, Google Pay, Shop Pay and Venmo.

      The installation process is generally easy, but you need to have experience with electrical work for this kind of DIY project to make sense. A couple of things to think about before buying:

      • Limited installation support: You’ll get detailed instructions, but ShopSolar doesn’t provide professional installation services. Some customers have difficulties with the process, particularly if they have little experience with solar systems.
      • Occasional product mixups: A few customers told us about getting damaged or faulty products, but ShopSolarKits is usually quick to resolve these issues.

      People like ShopSolar’s product quality, reasonable prices and helpful customer service.

      “They have a great product and it's good value,” according to Deana in Virginia.

      Another customer, Tyler in Texas, appreciated ShopSolar helping them work through an issue. “This company is not only helpful, but they actually care about their customers,” Tyler told us. “I have spent over $11k with this company, and I will be spending more in the future.”

      “My experience with them has been fantastic,” Gerald in Florida, who lives totally off the grid, said. “We told them what we were looking for, what we wanted the unit to do, and they did all the calculations and told us exactly what we needed, and that's what we went with.”

      Similarly, Kevin in Illinois liked that “the numbers were straightforward. You didn't have to sign up for anything or have somebody call you back. It was just right there on their site.”

      Barbara in Arizona was impressed by the sturdy packaging: “The solar panels were packed (so) that you could take a sledgehammer to that package and it wouldn't affect the solar panels.” She also liked the video instructions: “It helped me. I'm 76 and I set it all up myself. So, I really appreciate them. The system does everything it said it would.”

      Complete guide to going solar

      This guide is for homeowners like you: forward-thinkers who are curious about investing in the future of renewable energy production.

      You'll learn what to consider when selecting a company, how to think about solar costs and what to expect during and after the solar panel installation process.

      Solar energy basics

      Photovoltaic solar panels work by harnessing the power of the sun and converting it into usable electricity. The three most common types of PV solar panels — monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin-film — are made of silicon cells, which easily absorb photons from the sun.

      If your solar panel system is connected to the grid, any excess energy generated during the day can be fed into the grid and credited to your account through net metering. At night, the system can draw energy from the grid to power devices and appliances in the home.

      » LEARN: Types of solar grid systems

      Should I go solar?

      Going solar is an awesome idea for many homeowners. Despite the high upfront costs, "the energy savings can offset the initial investment with a great (return on investment)," according to Warren Matthews, co-founder and head editor at Helius Hub.

      Like a lot of solar customers, Donald in Illinois told us they "went solar to save money, and to help keep our power bill down, and to also help our environment." It's a win-win.

      The primary benefit of going solar is the reduced cost of electricity. Most homeowners see significant savings on monthly bills even while making payments on the system. For example, a solar customer in Nevada said their bill went from over $300 per month to about $100, and that includes all their financing payments and connection fees. Solar panels can also increase your home’s value by 4.1%.

      But the high upfront cost and ongoing maintenance can be a drawback. "Based on my experience, people often overlook when buying/installing solar panels the importance of proper installation and maintenance of the panels," Matthews said.

      Solar power pros and cons

      Pros

      • Lower monthly energy bills
      • Energy independence
      • Reduced carbon footprint
      • Little ongoing maintenance

      Cons

      • High initial cost
      • Can't move with you
      • Not a one-size-fits-all solution

      » MORE: Solar energy pros and cons

      What to consider before going solar

      Not every household benefits from solar panels in the same way. High levels of sunshine and minimal shading are ideal for maximum energy production. The other big factor is your roof. Here's what else to think about before you make the commitment:

      • How much sunlight your roof gets: Solar panels need regular exposure to sunlight to produce the most energy possible. If there's a lot of shade around your house — lots of tall trees or buildings, for instance — your solar panels won't be as efficient.
      • Your household's energy consumption: Look over your past electricity bills to understand your monthly energy consumption patterns. If you finance solar panels (many homeowners do), it might not be worth it if the loan payments for your solar panels are more expensive than your existing electricity bill.
      • The condition of your roof: Solar panels can last for 25 years or more, so your roof needs to last at least that long. It's smart to replace your roof before installing solar panels. Otherwise, you'll have to spend thousands to remove the panels, fix your roof and reinstall them again in the future.

        Devin in California told us that when the company "came to inspect our roof to make sure it was suitable to install the panels, they said everything was ok. One year later, with the recent rainstorms, we noticed several leaks in our roof. We decided to replace our roof," and it cost $5,000 to remove the panels and reinstall them again.

      • Your roof's angle, pitch and size: Roofs that face south, southeast or southwest are typically the best angle for solar panels. Generally, a roof pitch of 25 to 45 degrees is best in the United States.
      • How much space you have: Average dimensions of a solar panel are roughly 5.5 feet by 3.25 feet. Ideally, your roof is big enough to fit the number of panels required to meet your energy needs. Some homeowners install smaller systems that produce around 80% of the power they need. It's not an ideal solution, but it works for many people.

      » GOING SOLAR: Is it really worth it?

      How much does solar cost?

      Think about how much it costs to go solar the way you shop for a car. Just like cars have "miles per gallon" (MPG) to show how efficient they are with fuel, solar panels have "cost per watt" to show how much energy you get for each dollar you spend.

      In 2023, the average home solar system costs $23,879 before the 30% federal solar tax credit.

      Just as you want a car with better MPG because you get more distance for each gallon of gas, you want a solar system with a lower cost per watt. It's a better bang for your buck, and knowing the average cost per watt in your area can help you get a better deal.

      A scenario where you would pay a higher total cost but get a cheaper cost per watt typically involves purchasing solar panels in bulk (or investing in a large commercial system).

      Average cost per wattTypical system sizeAverage cost after ITCPayback period*Estimated net savings
      Alabama $2.45 11.5 kW $19,723 11 years $28,590
      Alaska $2.41 6 kW $10,122 7 years $34,500
      Arizona $2.61 11.5 kW $21,011 12 years $23,891
      Arkansas $2.54 11 kW $19,558 13 years $15,567
      California $2.73 4.5 kW $11,466 8 years $30,000
      Colorado $2.69 7.5 kW $14,123 12 years $14,479
      Connecticut $2.80 7.5 kW $14,700 8 years $42,705
      Delaware $2.58 9.5 kW $17,157 12 years $29,016
      Florida $2.53 11.5 kW $20,367 12 years $21,500
      Georgia $2.55 11 kW $19,635 12 years $23,182
      Hawaii $2.67 5.5 kW $10,280 6 years $49,459
      Idaho $2.60 10 kW $18,200 14 years $11,478
      Illinois $2.73 7.5 kW $14,333 12 years $16,585
      Indiana $2.68 9.5 kW $17,822 12 years $21,994
      Iowa $2.77 9 kW $17,451 12 years $17,572
      Kansas $2.59 9 kW $16,317 11 years $21,455
      Kentucky $2.34 11 kW $18,018 12 years $20,247
      Louisiana $2.57 12.5 kW $22,488 14 years $13,646
      Maine $2.83 5.7 kW $11,886 10 years $25,880
      Maryland $2.77 10 kW $19,390 12 years $21,395
      Massachusetts $2.94 6.5 kW $13,377 8 years $33,013
      Michigan $2.81 7 kW $13,769 10 years $23,652
      Minnesota $2.84 8 kW $15,904 12 years $17,546
      Mississippi $2.64 11.5 kW $21,252 13 years $20,147
      Missouri $2.59 10.5 kW $19,037 13 years $18,292
      Montana $2.54 9 kW $16,002 13 years $15,189
      Nebraska $2.83 10.5 kW $20,801 14 years $13,421
      Nevada $2.52 10 kW $17,640 12 years $18,319
      New Hampshire $2.91 6.5 kW $13,241 9 years $28,409
      New Jersey $2.77 7 kW $13,573 10 years $23,806
      New Mexico $2.68 7 kW $13,132 12 years $15,413
      New York $2.94 6.5 kW $13,423 10 years $24,387
      North Carolina $2.54 6 kW $13,815 13 years $20,035
      North Dakota $2.42 11 kW $18,634 13 years $26,028
      Ohio $2.56 9.5 kW $16,128 12 years $19,272
      Oklahoma $2.62 11 kW $20,174 14 years $14,190
      Oregon $2.60 9.5 kW $17,290 14 years $23,058
      Pennsylvania $2.55 8.5 kW $15,173 10 years $23,634
      Rhode Island $2.84 6 kW $11,928 8 years $34,519
      South Carolina $2.72 11 kW $20,944 12 years $24,561
      South Dakota $2.39 10.5 kW $17,566 12 years $22,923
      Tennessee $2.49 12 kW $20,916 13 years $19,688
      Texas $2.69 8.5 kW $21,654 13 years $21,350
      Utah $2.68 8 kW $15,008 14 years $10,202
      Vermont $2.87 6 kW $12,054 9 years $26,468
      Virginia $2.75 11 kW $21,175 12 years $21,692
      Washington $2.69 10 kW $18,830 16 years $10,846
      West Virginia $2.64 11 kW $20,328 13 years $19,893
      Wisconsin $2.60 7 kW $12,740 10 years $21,005
      Wyoming $2.57 9 kW $16,191 13 years $14,959
      *When you pay upfront

      How to pay for solar panels

      You can pay for your system upfront, but most people finance solar panels. A solar loan works a lot like any other type of loan — there's an application and approval process, and you pay it back over time (with interest). Homeowners can also get a home equity loan. Home equity loans usually have lower interest rates, but an appraisal may be required. The tax credit is not available for people who lease their solar systems.

      Most installers offer a variety of payment and financing options, including cash purchases, loans, leases or power purchase agreements (PPAs). They should explain the pros and cons of each for your financial situation.

      If you're considering a solar loan, lease or PPA, always ask:

      • Is there a down payment?
      • How much will I pay per month?
      • When will monthly payments increase, and by how much?

      Taking advantage of solar incentives and tax credits

      The federal solar investment tax credit (ITC) reduces your total solar installation costs by up to 30%. Applied against your federal income tax liability, the solar ITC represents a dollar-for-dollar reduction in avoided tax payments. For example, if your new system costs $18,000, you may be eligible for a federal income tax credit of up to $5,400. 

      » MORE: How the federal solar tax credit works

      How to choose a solar company

      Here's how to narrow down your options and find a reputable solar energy company that can provide ongoing service at a competitive price.

      1. Do your research

      With any investment, the first company you come across probably won't be your best fit. It's worth considering all your local options. Read lots of reviews and check for any complaints filed against the company.

      For instance, Carol in California said she did an "enormous amount of research" to find a solar installer. "The installer that we liked the most has a Ph.D. in physics, and that's why we picked him," Carol told us.

      Carol was smart to interview multiple installers before making a final decision. This is your chance to ask preliminary questions.

      Look out for pushy sales reps when you start these conversations. Unhappy solar customers often tell us about sales reps making false promises, particularly around rebates, credits and savings. 

      » BUYER BEWARE: Solar panel scams

      2. Compare a few quotes

      "The price of a system will depend on your electricity usage; there's not a fixed price but more of a range," Neil Gallagher, who owns a company in Tampa, Florida, told us. "Since COVID, the price of materials has gone up due to supply chain issues, mostly foreign panels. The cost of labor has also increased."

      There's also more to consider than just price. Megan in Texas got four quotes before going with Sunpro (now part of ADT Solar). She said it wasn't the cheapest but was a better fit for her needs.

      "Momentum Solar was the cheapest, but did not offer some of the perks I was inclined to take," she said.

      » TIPS: Get the best solar quotes

      3. Check licenses and certifications

      The solar industry is booming, and there are many inexperienced newcomers in the game right now. Before you hire anyone, request their license number and any credentials they claim to have. You should also check that the company has liability insurance, especially since technicians will be on your roof.

      For credentials, reputable companies often have affiliations with organizations like the North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) or are certified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC).

      Check if the company is a member of industry associations, such as the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) or local solar industry groups. Membership in these often requires adherence to certain standards and practices.

      4. Ask about solar panel efficiency

      When comparing solar panels, look for reliability, efficiency and durability. Higher-efficiency solar panels are more expensive but generate more electricity and require less space. Depending on where you live, the panels might need to be tough enough to withstand harsh weather conditions like hail, wind and snow.

      Solar panels last 25 to 30 years.

      Monocrystalline and polycrystalline panels are the most common types of solar panels for residential and commercial installations. There are pros and cons to each — compare monocrystalline vs. polycrystalline solar panels for more information.

      5. Pay attention to the warranty and fine print

      Once you're satisfied with the proposal and financing method, it's time to sign a contract. This contract should detail the installation process, system specifications, warranty information and other terms.

      Some unhappy solar customers told us they felt trapped in contracts or felt they were penalized unfairly for changes or breaches in the contract. Some had issues with early termination fees. Reading the contract carefully and asking questions about anything you’re not sure you understand helps reduce the likelihood of this happening to you.

      Understanding solar warranties

      Look for solar panel and inverter manufacturers and installers that stand by their service and products. The best local solar energy installers always offer warranties and service guarantees. They're also typically readily available for maintenance, system checks or addressing any concerns you might have after your system is installed.

      Panels typically come with a manufacturer's warranty that covers the panel's performance and materials. A good warranty should cover at least 25 years for panels. In some states, you need at least that to qualify for certain renewable energy incentives.

      Solar inverters are also a common source of maintenance issues, so check your warranty for the inverter you choose. A typical warranty for a solar inverter lasts between 10 and 25 years.

      Types of solar equipment

      It's not just about picking the best solar panels. A solar array is made up of many different components. Think about how your whole system will work together.

      You most likely need several other pieces of hardware, including wiring that connects the panels to the inverter and the wiring that connects the inverter to your home's electrical system. You may also choose to install a battery to store electricity for use at night or during power outages.

      • Inverters turn sunlight into usable energy. The solar inverter is what converts the direct current (DC) electricity produced by the solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity that can be used to power your home or business.
      • Solar batteries store that sunny day for a rainy one. If you want to store the energy produced by your solar panels for use later, you need to install solar batteries. This is especially useful if you live in an area with frequent power outages or if you want to use solar energy when the sun is not shining. If you get a battery, you'll also need a charge controller. Solar generators are another option to get a sustainable source of backup electricity.
      • Mounting and tracking systems maximize sun exposure. This is what attaches the solar panels to your roof or another location on your property. The mounting system needs to be sturdy and weather-resistant.
      • Monitoring lets you keep track of your system through an app. Monitoring apps provide real-time data on the performance of your solar panels. You get an alert if there's a drop in performance. Some advanced monitoring systems let your solar company access performance data remotely, which facilitates quick repairs.

      » COMPARE: Best solar monitoring systems

      What to know about solar installations

      "The sign-up part was easy and straightforward," Anthony in Texas said. "The hard part was the installation part. That took longer than expected. They were still running into some of those supply chain issues last year, which a lot of people were."

      We've talked to other solar customers with similar stories. It's important to understand the installation process to know what you should expect.

      1. Initial consultation: When you start contacting solar installers for quotes, some may show you satellite images of your home at different times of the day. They use these pictures to demonstrate which sides of your home get the most sunlight. For example, if the shorter side of your roof happens to be the side that gets the most sun, you may require a larger solar array.
      2. Site assessment: The installer often conducts a physical or remote (using satellite imagery) assessment of your property. They evaluate your roof's orientation, size, shading and condition. These assessments provide an overview of your property's overall solar potential.
      3. Design and permitting: The installer then designs a solar system for your property and provides a detailed proposal based on the site assessment and your energy needs. This proposal should include the system size (in kilowatts), estimated energy production, cost, potential savings and return on investment.
      4. Panel installation: After you secure your permits, your solar company begins the installation process. Local installers often have in-depth knowledge of local building codes and practices that help ensure smooth installation. This process typically takes a few days but can vary based on the system's size and complexity.
      5. Final inspection: Once the system is installed, it needs to be inspected by local authorities and the utility company (if grid-tied) to ensure it meets all regulations. After inspections, the system can be commissioned, and you can start generating solar power.

      » LEARN MORE: Solar panel installation guide

      FAQ

      How much can I save going solar?

      Solar panels save most people money over time. On average, the estimated net savings after going solar range from $10,000 to $25,000 over 25 years.

      » EXPLORE: Where solar savings go the furthest

      How many solar panels do I need to power my house?

      The average American home ends up needing 15 to 30 panels to fully power their household. How many solar panels you need depends on your energy usage, roof and solar panels' efficiency. To figure out your energy usage, check your utility bill for "kWh used." To get your monthly average, look at bills for the past year, add up the stated kWh used and divide by 12.

      What is the output of one solar panel?

      In general, the output of a residential solar panel is anywhere from 100 watts to 500 watts, depending on the capacity of the equipment and its operating conditions. Most panels on homes are rated to output between 250 watts and 450 watts, meaning they produce 250 to 450 watt-hours of electricity for each hour they are exposed to direct sunlight.

      How long do solar panels last?

      Quality solar panels are designed to last 25 to 30 years, but the efficiency of solar panels decreases a bit each year.

      Why is solar so popular right now?

      The solar industry is thriving. There's more competition, technology is improving and panels are cheaper than ever. According to the Solar Energy Industries Association, the costs to install solar have gone down more than 40% over the last decade.

      Rising electricity rates and the 30% federal solar investment tax credit have also led to more people choosing to go solar.

      » MORE: What is an off-grid solar system?

      Do solar panels work on cloudy days?

      Solar panels still work on cloudy days, but the electricity generation drops to about 10% to 25% compared to sunny weather. Direct sunlight definitely boosts energy output.

      » MORE: What are peak sun hours?

      Will hail damage my solar panels?

      Large hail can damage solar panels. Hail damage mostly happens in the Midwest and Great Plains. Your homeowners insurance might cover the cost of any needed repairs.

      Is my house a good candidate for solar panels?

      Not every household benefits from solar panels in the same way. For best results, you need plenty of sunlight and a strong roof that faces the right direction, like Dariusz in Connecticut.

      Dariusz, whose house gets sunlight from the east in the morning and the west in the afternoon, said: “I've been thinking about doing solar for a while and with the current energy prices, it was a no-brainer especially since my home has a good location.”

      What solar options are available for small businesses?

      Businesses, local governments and nonprofits of all sizes can benefit from commercial solar panel installation. Solar carports, ground-mounted systems and solar thermal systems are also options. The biggest difference between commercial and residential solar panels comes down to scale, financing options and tax incentives.

      How often do solar panels need to be cleaned?

      Hosing down solar panels once or twice a year should keep performance high. Otherwise, dirt, debris and other substances accumulate on panels over time, reducing their effectiveness. You can clean your panels yourself or hire a professional to do it. Hiring someone to clean your panels typically costs around $150 to $300 per visit.

      It's important to only clean panels yourself if you can do so safely, and to make sure not to damage the panels by scrubbing them.

      » GUIDE: Solar panel maintenance

      Methodology: How we chose the best residential solar companies

      This guide compares the top solar panel companies for residential installations in 2023. The ConsumerAffairs Research Team objectively evaluated dozens of national solar providers to highlight those best equipped to meet most homeowners' needs.

      To choose our top picks for solar energy companies, we started with 31 popular providers. Our picks may be Authorized Partners who compensate us — this does not affect our recommendations or evaluations but may impact the order in which companies appear.

      Here’s how we weighted the importance of several key features:

      Reviews, ratings and testimonials: 40%
      We analyzed thousands of verified customer reviews and ratings to gauge real-world satisfaction.

      Equipment selection: 20%
      Companies were evaluated on their selection of solar panels, storage batteries and inverters. Those with proprietary technology or a wide equipment selection from trusted brands ranked highest.

      Monitoring and maintenance: 10%
      Gave preference to companies that offer real-time monitoring, regular maintenance services and solid after-sales support.

      Warranties: 10%
      A good warranty is important. We compared both product and craftsmanship warranties available from our top picks. All of our top picks have warranties of at least 25 years.

      Availability: 10% 
      Because we want this guide to be helpful to the highest possible number of consumers, we gave preference to solar companies that are available in large markets.

      Overall reputation: 10%
      We considered each company’s history, mission and value. Companies with generally positive feedback on our site and elsewhere on the internet scored highest in this aspect.

      To recap, our top picks for the best solar companies:

      • SunPower: Our pick for ongoing support
      • Blue Raven Solar: Our pick for low upfront costs
      • Freedom Solar Power: Our pick for ground-mounted systems
      • Sunlux: Our pick for equipment options
      • Sunrun: Our pick for solar leases
      • ShopSolar: Our pick for DIY projects

      Guide sources
      ConsumerAffairs writers primarily rely on government data, industry experts and original research from other reputable publications to inform their work. Specific sources for this article include:
      1. U.S. Department of Energy, " Benefits of Residential Solar Electricity ." Accessed September 6, 2023.
      2. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, " Homeowner's Guide to the Federal Tax Credit for Solar Photovoltaics ." Accessed September 6, 2023.
      3. Solar Energy Industries Association, " Solar Industry Research Data ." Accessed September 6, 2023.
      4. Center for Sustainable Energy, " Solar Energy Adoption: Information for Homeowners and Small Businesses ." Accessed September 6, 2023.
      5. EcoWatch, " Are Solar Panels Worth It for Your Home? (2023 Buyer's Guide) ." Accessed September 6, 2023.

      Not sure how to choose?

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        Best states for solar

        This year began with major wake-up calls about the environment: extreme cold weather linked to climate change, winter weather advisories in every single state and nearly half of Americans at risk of dangerous cold and wind — all within the first two weeks.

        More Americans are looking for ways to reduce their climate impact. Installing rooftop solar panels is one way to cut dependence on fossil fuels, which are burned to generate more than 60% of the country’s electricity.

        There are financial benefits, too: In every state, homeowners can potentially generate significant proportions of their electricity from a rooftop solar system. It does depend in part on the property itself, such as which way the roof is aligned or how much tree cover it has. Of course, it also depends on how much sun the area gets. And how much of a financial return you can expect will be influenced by the state’s retail electricity market and local solar initiatives.

        The ConsumerAffairs Research Team analyzed data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Energy Information Administration, Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency and elsewhere. See a breakdown of all the solar data for each state below, as well as a full methodology for more details on how we calculated each state’s Solar Score.


        Key insights

        • Hawaii tops our list of the best states to go solar, thanks to high retail electricity prices.
        • While Indiana, Kentucky, Arkansas, Tennessee and Alabama rank at the bottom of our list, federal solar incentives may still make it worthwhile for homeowners in these states to go solar.
        • Arizona, New Mexico and California have the highest potential for solar energy of all states, meaning solar energy falls more intensely on those states than elsewhere.
        • Half of all states, plus Washington, D.C., have no statewide programs that help homeowners afford rooftop solar installations.

        Best states to go solar

        1. Hawaii
        2. Nevada
        3. Delaware
        4. Arizona
        5. California

        Worst states to go solar

        1. Indiana
        2. Kentucky
        3. Arkansas
        4. Tennessee
        5. Alabama

        Top five best states for going solar

        Various factors help determine whether a state is a good place for homeowners to go solar with rooftop panels. Low installation costs and high retail energy prices can drive people to look for alternatives, and residents in states with more peak sunlight hours can produce more power with fewer panels. State laws and regulations can encourage people to go solar or discourage them.

        We evaluated data in each of these categories and assigned points based on their relative importance to come up with each state’s Solar Score. Along with the 50 states, we included Washington, D.C., in our rankings.

        1. Hawaii

        Hawaii’s Solar Score: 75.14 out of 100

        High retail electricity prices are a key reason Hawaii is such a good place for people to install solar panels on their roofs. The potential savings are so clear that they more than make up for the state’s limits on net metering eligibility and relatively low compensation rates for excess power generation. Through a program pairing rooftop solar with grid-connected batteries in customers’ homes, Hawaii was able to shut down its last coal-fired power plant and replace the energy with solar power.

        Hawaii has the nation’s highest rate of existing rooftop solar capacity — far above that of California, which comes second in that category. The quick adoption rate has kept installation costs low — the 14th-lowest in the nation.

        2. Nevada

        Nevada’s Solar Score: 56.87 out of 100

        Nevada is a pro-solar state in terms of both regulations and economics. As far back as 1997, the state allowed net metering for rooftop solar customers, but it dramatically cut back its payment rates and raised participation fees in 2015.

        That didn’t last long, though: In 2017, Nevada reinstated net metering under largely similar terms as before the 2015 changes. That long-term sustained support for solar energy has led to the state having more solar jobs per capita than any other.

        The state is boosting rooftop solar in other ways, too. Consumer protection officials in Nevada are taking steps to protect customers who purchase residential rooftop solar systems against unscrupulous sales pitches, and a statewide nonprofit has applied for up to $250 million in federal Solar For All funding.

        3. Delaware

        Delaware’s Solar Score: 54.94 out of 100

        Delaware has relatively low installation costs, reasonably competitive solar potential and solar-friendly policies, including net metering and power purchase agreements. Its policies are also solar-friendly: In 2021, the state made it easier for people to support community solar projects. And in 2022, the state government launched a two-year program to give free solar panels to low-income homeowners.

        But a major obstacle is in the technical details. One electric utility, the Delaware Electric Cooperative, which serves 20% of the state’s residential customers, has blocked new rooftop solar installations from being connected to the electricity grid in large swaths of the state, saying its equipment can’t handle any more incoming energy.

        4. Arizona

        Arizona’s Solar Score: 54.56 out of 100

        Arizona has the highest average solar potential of any state and relatively low rooftop solar installation costs. It also has generally solar-friendly policies and a personal tax exemption to help defray the costs of installing rooftop solar systems. Along with legalized power purchase agreements, those circumstances have all helped make Arizona the state with the third-most rooftop solar capacity per capita in the country.

        But some clouds may be on the horizon. In October 2023, the state’s utility regulator, the Arizona Corporation Commission, reconsidered the rules under which homeowners are compensated for the excess electricity their solar panels generate. That’s despite the fact that citizens, solar-industry companies and even two of the three largest electric utilities in the state have supported keeping the existing rules in place. The process has not yet been completed.

        5. California

        California’s Solar Score: 53.76 out of 100

        California has relatively high retail electricity prices and great solar potential. Its rooftop solar rebate program has also been a factor in making California the state with the second-most rooftop solar installed per capita. The state has rules that prevent local or private restrictions on installing solar panels, as well as rules that protect homes from being shaded by neighbors.

        But as with Arizona, the situation is shifting. New rules on how much credit homeowners can get for electricity produced on their roofs took effect in April 2023. Those changes have dramatically reduced the attractiveness of rooftop solar systems for homeowners and residents of multifamily and apartment dwellings. The solar installation industry projects that the current drop-off in installation numbers will continue. And in early January 2024, Gov. Gavin Newsom proposed cutting climate-related funding, including incentives for rooftop solar installations.

        The five worst states for going solar

        The places where going solar can be most challenging for homeowners are states that tend to have relatively low electricity costs and few existing installations. The states at the bottom of the list either ban or do not have clear rules about power purchase agreements, which can help homeowners reduce or even eliminate the cost of installing solar panels.

        Going solar in these states can still be worth the money and effort — and can certainly have a positive impact on the environment — but homeowners may find themselves in an uphill battle as they make the switch to rooftop solar.

        1. Indiana

        Indiana’s Solar Score: 15.88 out of 100

        Indiana has the highest rooftop solar installation costs, and its lack of statewide rebates to help offset those costs makes the economics of going solar less attractive in Indiana than any other state. Solar advocates call July 1, 2022, “the day Indiana rooftop solar died” because that’s when the state’s net metering policy expired. It was replaced by a system in which homeowners were paid much less for the excess power their rooftop panels produced. Solar installations in the state are down 67% since then, advocates say.

        In late 2023, Indiana’s electric utilities asked for a steep hike in residential electricity rates. Though regulators reduced the size of that increase, Hoosiers are still on track to see higher power bills in 2024.

        2. Kentucky

        Kentucky’s Solar Score: 18.97 out of 100

        The state government and several large cities in Kentucky see the opportunity for rooftop solar: They are all looking for funds from the federal Solar For All program. And in July 2023, a utility-scale rooftop solar array began operating on the roof of an Amazon warehouse at the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport.

        But Kentucky has no statewide programs to help residents pay the up-front costs of installing rooftop solar systems. It also bans power purchase agreements, which can be another way to cover those expenses.

        3. Arkansas

        Arkansas’s Solar Score: 21.48 out of 100

        With comparatively low residential electricity prices, no statewide aid to help cover installation costs and a ban on power purchase agreements, Arkansas’s economic circumstances aren’t positioned for residents to take advantage of the state’s strong solar potential.

        And conditions aren’t getting better: Arkansas lawmakers in 2023 reduced the rate at which homeowners with rooftop solar panels will be compensated for the additional electricity their systems generate.

        4. Tennessee

        Tennessee’s Solar Score: 23.33 out of 100

        Tennesseans have some of the lowest electricity prices in the nation, which is no doubt part of the reason so few of them have rooftop solar systems installed already. With no state rebates or other programs and a low reimbursement rate for excess power generation, there are more barriers than opportunities for homeowners to put solar systems on their roofs.

        There is some bright news: Under a new program negotiated with the Tennessee Valley Authority, some Nashville residents will become newly eligible to get credit for excess electricity generated from rooftop solar systems.

        5. Alabama

        Alabama’s Solar Score: 23.43 out of 100

        Alabama’s per-capita installed capacity of rooftop solar is the lowest in the nation, according to the Energy Information Administration data analyzed in this report. Part of that is no doubt due to high rooftop solar installation costs. Government policies aren’t helping: The state outlaws power purchase agreements, does not protect properties from neighbors’ shade, allows homeowners associations to ban solar panels and only allows excess power to be purchased at wholesale rates, rather than at retail prices.

        But it seems state officials and energy companies are interested in taking advantage of the state’s high solar potential: They are exploring opportunities for large-scale solar projects.

        See how your state stacks up

        Here’s a breakdown of the factors we used to calculate each state’s Solar Score. See how your state compares with others on residential electricity price, solar installation costs, solar potential and solar-friendly policies.

        Going solar can be a good investment in any state. There’s enough sunlight coming down everywhere in the U.S. to make rooftop-generated electricity cheaper, more reliable and more climate-friendly than getting electricity from the grid. But navigating the maze of changing solar policies, incentives and costs can be complicated.

        One particularly thorny solar policy, net metering, is being phased out in some states under pressure from utility companies that don’t want to pay homeowners for the excess electricity they generate on their rooftops.

        “As states develop successors to net metering, it’s getting increasingly complicated,” said Brian Lips, who manages the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency. State incentives for rooftop solar typically get lower and less available over time, he observed.

        Federal incentives can also help encourage the switch to solar rooftops, but they, too, are changing quickly. Homeowners who install rooftop solar systems between now and the end of 2032 can claim a federal income tax credit of 30% of the system’s cost. And recent federal laws have allocated $7 billion in funding for the Solar For All program to help pay for residential solar installs in disadvantaged communities. The funds will be distributed starting in late 2024.

        Installing solar panels is a common way for homeowners to generate clean energy, but it isn’t the only way. Some people buy solar-only electricity, or solar power along with a combination of other renewable sources through their existing power companies, third-party electricity providers or community solar projects.

        The bottom line is this: There are lots of ways and plenty of reasons to go solar, but staying updated on the most recent solar regulations, policies and incentives can help you make the most of your green energy transition.

        Best states for solar methodology

        The ranking incorporates data on state electricity prices, installation costs, potential solar energy, existing solar capacity and solar policies.

        However, ConsmerAffairs did not factor in the cost of buying and installing a solar storage battery, which is a common add-on that allows residents to store extra energy the panels generate for use at night or during power outages.

        Each state’s Solar Score could reach a maximum of 100 points, with points assigned by the categories below.

        Retail prices of residential electricity: 0 to 25 points
        States’ average retail prices of residential electricity for October 2023, according to the Energy Information Administration, were scored based on how close they were to the highest state’s price. High retail electricity prices encourage people to seek other sources of energy.

        Per-watt installation costs: 0 to 20 points
        States’ average per-watt installation costs for residential rooftop solar, according to SolarReviews.com and EnergySage.com, were scored based on how close they were to the lowest state’s price. Low installation costs reduce a barrier to installing rooftop solar. The data was collected by ConsumerAffairs in January 2024.

        Potential solar energy: 0 to 10 points
        States’ average potential solar energy capture in kilowatt-hours per square meter per day were calculated based on annual average Global Horizontal Irradiance data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Solar potential as of 2018, averaged across each state’s area according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing system. States’ averages were scored based on how close they were to the highest state’s average. Higher potential solar energy makes more energy available to capture from a given rooftop area. (In Alaska, NREL only measures solar potential in the southernmost parts of the state.)

        Existing residential solar capacity: 0 to 5 points
        States’ existing residential solar capacity per capita was calculated based on the Energy Information Administration’s October 2023 estimates, except in Alabama, where the most recently available data was from the EIA’s 2022 data for December 2022 — and on the U.S. Census Bureau’s 2023 population data for each state. States were scored based on how close they were to the highest state’s per-capita installed capacity. This information indicates where consumers have found policies, market forces and other factors favorable for rooftop solar in the past.

        Financial programs: 0 to 15 points
        States’ rebates, grants, loans, tax credits and deductions were determined from the Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (DSIRE) maintained by the North Carolina Clean Energy Technology Center. States got 3 points for each type of program, of which there were five. (A sixth type mentioned by DSIRE, a personal tax exemption, is not in place in any state.) These programs reduce the upfront cost of installing rooftop solar systems. DSIRE data was updated in November and December 2023.

        Residential power purchase agreements: -10 to 10 points
        States’ laws and rules on residential power purchase agreements were determined from DSIRE data from November 2023. States got 10 points for allowing them and lost 10 points for banning them. States whose policies DSIRE had not identified or evaluated were given 0 points. These agreements can reduce or eliminate homeowners’ up-front costs of installing rooftop solar systems.

        Net metering: 0 to 10 points
        States’ laws and rules on net metering were determined from DSIRE data from November 2023. States with no rules got 0 points. States that required at least some utilities to use net metering got 10 points. States that required at least some utilities to use other methods to compensate customers for the energy their panels produced got 3 points. States whose regulations are in transition between net metering and other compensation got 7 points. These rules affect the amounts by which ongoing energy production can reduce homeowners’ electricity bills.

        Excess power payment rates: 0 to 3 points
        States’ laws and rules on excess power payment rates were determined from DSIRE data from November 2023. States that guaranteed payment at retail rates got 3 points. States that guaranteed payment at wholesale rates got 1 point. States that had a rate between retail and wholesale got 2 points. States that had no guaranteed rate got 0 points. These rules affect the amounts by which ongoing energy production can reduce homeowners’ electricity bills or earn them additional money.

        Solar access and solar easements: 0 to 2 points
        States’ laws on solar access and solar easements were determined from DSIRE data from November 2023. States that prevent local or private restrictions on installations of solar panels — called solar access laws — got 1 point. States that allow homeowners to seek protections of their property from being shaded by neighboring property — called solar easements — got 1 point. States that have both provisions got 2 points. States with neither got 0 points.

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